Ileosigmoid Knot at Week 13 of Pregnancy: Report of a Case
The ileosigmoid knot (ISK) is a rare cause of intestinal obstruction. ISK is a condition in which the ileum wraps around the base of the sigmoid colon and forms a knot, leading to high mortality with rapid progression to bowel gangrene. We herein report a rare case of ISK at week 13 of pregnancy. The ISK was diagnosed by computed tomography, and the patient underwent emergency surgery for acute abdomen. Laparotomy showed segmental gangrenous change in the sigmoid colon, which was twisted around the distal ileal loop. The gangrenous bowel was resected, and primary anastomosis was performed. To our knowledge, the present case involves the first and earliest pregnancy in which a preoperative diagnosis of ISK was made and successful treatment was performed with surgery. A radiologic approach should be undertaken for prompt diagnosis and optimal management, even in early pregnancy.Abstract
The ileosigmoid knot (ISK) is a rare cause of intestinal obstruction. ISK is characterized by wrapping of the ileum around the base of the sigmoid colon, forming a mechanical bowel obstruction with rapid progression to bowel gangrene. ISK is associated with 0.5% to 1.7% of intestinal obstructions, and the reported mortality rate varies from 0% to 48% (mean, 35.5%).1–3 The mortality rate of ISK with bowel gangrene is reportedly as high as 20% to 100%.3 Because the knot involving the ileum and sigmoid colon can be difficult to untie, this condition usually requires laparotomy. We experienced a rare case of ISK in a patient in early pregnancy who underwent emergency surgery for acute abdomen.
Case Report
A 28-year-old woman in the 13th week of pregnancy was referred to the emergency department of our hospital for sudden abdominal pain. She had neither a medical nor surgical history and had thus far experienced a normal pregnancy. Upon arrival, her blood pressure was 114/56 mmHg, pulse rate was 96/min, and body temperature was 35.8°C. Physical examination revealed abdominal distension and left lower abdominal tenderness. Laboratory data showed a white blood cell count of 15,100/mm3, hemoglobin level of 13.4 g/dL, and C-reactive protein level of 0.3 mg/dL (normal, <0.3 mg/dL). Transvaginal ultrasonography (US) revealed a dilated bowel without ascitic fluid and no abnormal findings in her infant. She was admitted to our hospital for intensive observation and because of the possibility of miscarriage or enteritis. Transabdominal US was performed after admission because of rapidly worsening abdominal pain with diffuse and rebound tenderness. An X-ray of the abdomen showed dilatation of the small intestine with air–fluid levels and the presence of a sigmoid colon loop in the mid-abdomen (Fig. 1). Enhanced abdominal computed tomography (CT) was performed to reach an accurate diagnosis after obtaining detailed informed consent regarding the risk of radiation exposure. The CT scan revealed 2 abnormal findings: (1) whirling of the sigmoid mesocolon and mesenteric root, suggestive of strangulation, and (2) a dilated loop of the sigmoid colon in the right lower abdomen, suggestive of a sigmoid volvulus (Figs. 2a–2c). She was diagnosed with strangulation caused by ISK. She underwent emergency exploratory laparotomy, and 2 L hemorrhagic ascitic fluid with gangrenous change in the ileum and sigmoid colon was identified (Fig. 3a). The ileum was twisted 720° clockwise around the sigmoid colon (Fig. 3b). The gangrenous ileum and sigmoid colon were treated by resection with primary anastomosis, respectively. She was discharged with no complications 14 days after surgery. She delivered at term, and her baby had neither physical nor mental impairment.
Citation: International Surgery 99, 3; 10.9738/INTSURG-D-14-00011.1
Citation: International Surgery 99, 3; 10.9738/INTSURG-D-14-00011.1
Citation: International Surgery 99, 3; 10.9738/INTSURG-D-14-00011.1
Citation: International Surgery 99, 3; 10.9738/INTSURG-D-14-00011.1
Citation: International Surgery 99, 3; 10.9738/INTSURG-D-14-00011.1
Citation: International Surgery 99, 3; 10.9738/INTSURG-D-14-00011.1
Discussion
ISK is a rare form of bowel obstruction in which the ileum wraps around the base of the sigmoid colon. ISK is predominately seen in male patients (80.2%) with mean age of 40 years (range, 4–90 years).1,2 Several studies have reported the relationship between dietary habits and ISK in that ingestion of a single daily meal was associated with a higher incidence of ISK.1,3,4 This gives insight into the mechanism of ISK. When a semiliquid, bulky meal progresses into the proximal jejunum, it increases the mobility of the intestine. The heavier segments of the proximal jejunum then fall into the left lower quadrant. The empty loops of the ileum and distal jejunum twist and rotate around the base of the narrow sigmoid colon.4 Subsequent peristalsis results in the formation of an ISK with an obstruction involving 2 closed loops: one in the small intestine and the other in the sigmoid colon.
Anatomic factors are also known to be responsible for ISK, including a long small bowel mesentery and freely mobile small bowel, and a long sigmoid colon on a narrow pedicle.1,5 A predisposing risk factor for ISK is late pregnancy because of the obvious displacement of the bowel. In the present case, the patient was in early pregnancy; thus, formation of the ISK in this case was not related to displacement of the bowel resulting from an enlarged uterus. One possible risk factor for ISK in the present case was an unbalanced oral intake owing to morning sickness during the pregnancy, together with the anatomic bowel features mentioned above.
Twelve cases of ISK in the perinatal period were identified in PubMed using the keywords “ileosigmoid knot, ileal knotting” and “pregnancy, labor” (Table 1).5–9 The present case involved the earliest pregnancy of all reported cases. Moreover, ISK was not diagnosed preoperatively in any case other than the present case. The accuracy of preoperative diagnosis of ISK is generally reported to be as low as 0% to 28% because of its infrequency and atypical radiographic findings.3,7,10,11
The gold standard radiographic imaging modality for the evaluation of acute abdomen, including ISK, is CT with high spatial resolution. The safety of radiation exposure during pregnancy is a common concern. Radiation exposure to pregnant women undergoing medical imaging procedures and the management of such patients are difficult topics to address. There are radiation-related risks throughout pregnancy, and these risks are associated with the stage of pregnancy and absorbed dose. To diminish these prenatal risks, the radiation dose should be minimized. The first-line examination of a pregnant woman with abdominal pain should be US, which is free from radiation exposure, less expensive, and comparatively safer than CT. However, the skill level of the operator greatly influences the results. Moreover, Lazarus et al12 found that CT findings provided important diagnostic information in 30% of pregnant women with abdominal pain who were determined to have normal US findings. On the other hand, the efficacy of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been reported for the diagnosis of acute abdomen in adults.13 There are no reported harmful effects of MRI on the pregnant woman or fetus. However, the National Radiological Protection Board in the United Kingdom advises that MRI be avoided in the first trimester because there is limited experience assessing its safety during organogenesis. MRI for acute abdomen in pregnancy should be further evaluated in clinical studies.
According to the International Commission on Radiological Protection, radiation risks are most significant during organogenesis and in the early fetal period, less in the second trimester, and least in the third trimester.14 Malformations have a threshold of 100 to 200 mGy or higher and are typically associated with central nervous system problems.14 However, 3 pelvic CT scans or 20 conventional diagnostic X-ray examinations do not reach the fetal threshold of 100 mGy.14 Therefore, prenatal doses of most properly performed procedures for the diagnosis of acute abdomen present no measurably increased risk of prenatal death, malformation, or mental impairment. Efforts to avoid radiation exposure in women with acute abdomen during pregnancy may lead to a diagnostic delay, especially in early pregnancy. A missed or delayed diagnosis can pose a greater risk to the woman and fetus than any hazard associated with ionizing radiation. Radiation exposure may be responsible for the difficulty in obtaining an accurate diagnosis of ISK in the perinatal period, which may explain the high mortality and morbidity rates in previous reports (Table 1). In the present case, enhanced abdominal CT was performed for evaluation of acute abdomen in early pregnancy, and an emergency laparotomy saved both the mother and child. This is the first case in which an ISK during pregnancy was preoperatively diagnosed and successfully treated with surgery.
In conclusion, CT should be performed for a prompt diagnosis and optimal management of acute abdomen, including ISK and even in early pregnancy.
An abdominal X-ray reveals a sigmoid colon loop (white arrows) in the mid-abdomen.
(a) Contrast-enhanced CT scan (axial view) shows a dilated loop of intestine with a surrounding whirl (small white arrows).
(b) Contrast-enhanced CT scan (coronal view) shows distended sigmoid colon (white arrowhead).
(c) Contrast-enhanced CT scan (sagittal view).
(a) Intraoperative photograph shows gangrenous change in the ileum and sigmoid colon (black arrows).
(b) Ileosigmoid knot (white arrows) with gangrenous ileum and sigmoid colon.
Contributor Notes